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<title>Tryon's raid</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about <a href="William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a>'s 1779 raid. For Tryon's 1777 Danbury Raid, see <a href="Battle_of_Ridgefield" title="Battle of Ridgefield">Battle of Ridgefield</a>.</div>

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</style><div id="Northern_coastal_theater2123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga"><span class="wrap">Northern coastal theater</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Ridgefield" title="Battle of Ridgefield">Ridgefield</a></li>

<li><a href="Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Sag Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Machias_(1777)" title="Battle of Machias (1777)">2nd Machias</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Setauket</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Hope_Bay_raids" title="Mount Hope Bay raids">Mount Hope Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Newport</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chestnut_Neck" title="Battle of Chestnut Neck">Chestnut Neck</a></li>

<li><a href="Affair_at_Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Affair at Little Egg Harbor">Little Egg Harbor</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Battle_of_Norwalk" title="Battle of Norwalk">Norwalk</a>, <a href="Burning_of_Fairfield_(1779)" title="Burning of Fairfield (1779)">Fairfield</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_off_Cape_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Cape Split">Cape Split</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Annapolis_Royal_(1781)" title="Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781)">Annapolis Royal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">Groton Heights</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Fort Slongo</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Lunenburg%2C_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">Lunenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cedar_Bridge" title="Battle of Cedar Bridge">Cedar Bridge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<p><b>Tryon's Raid</b> occurred in July 1779, during the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, in which 2700 men, led by <a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> Major General <a href="William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a>, raided the <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> ports of <a href="New_Haven%2C_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, <a href="Fairfield%2C_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield</a>, and <a href="Norwalk%2C_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk</a>. They destroyed military and public stores, supply houses, and ships as well as private homes, churches, and other public buildings. The raids were ineffectually resisted by militia forces.

</p><p>The raid was part of a larger strategy designed by the British <a href="Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, Lieutenant General Sir <a href="Henry_Clinton_(1730%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (1730–1795)">Henry Clinton</a>, to draw Major General <a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> to terrain on which it might be more effectively engaged. The strategy failed, and both sides criticized General Tryon for the severity of his action. Although the raid had economic ramifications and affected military supplies, Clinton's efforts had no long-term strategic impact.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga</a></div>

<p>Following France's entry into the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1778, <a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> forces in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> were primarily concerned with defending the city and its harbor. The military activity in the northern states was reduced significantly, and the armies of <a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer%2C_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Sir Henry Clinton</a> watched each other warily in the New York area. Washington based his defense in <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and at <a href="West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>, where he guarded critical communications and supply links.<sup id="cite_ref-N169_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1779, Lieutenant General Clinton hatched a plan that he hoped would convince General Washington to move his army so that he might be engaged in a "general and decisive action".<sup id="cite_ref-P16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first launched an expedition in late May that seized <a href="Stony_Point%2C_New_York" title="Stony Point, New York">Stony Point, New York</a> and <a href="Verplanck%2C_New_York" title="Verplanck, New York">Verplanck's Point</a>, opposite sides of a key crossing point over the <a href="Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. Although Washington did move additional troops into the New York highlands, Clinton felt the position too strong to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-P16_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decided to dispatch Major General <a href="William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a>, who organized an expedition to raid the coastal communities of <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. Simultaneously, Clinton staged a body of troops at <a href="Mamaroneck_(town)%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamaroneck (town), New York">Mamaroneck, New York</a>, that would go after Washington when he moved troops to oppose the raids, and also attack <a href="Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> positions in <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N169_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tryon assembled a force of 2600 men, and embarked them on a fleet on Long Island Sound commanded by Sir <a href="George_Collier" title="George Collier">George Collier</a>. One division, led by Brigadier General <a href="George_Garth" title="George Garth">George Garth</a>, consisted of the <a href="54th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Foot">54th Regiment</a> along with several companies of <a href="Royal_Fusiliers" title="Royal Fusiliers">Royal Fusiliers</a>, <a href="Foot_guards" title="Foot guards">foot guards</a>, and <a href="Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian</a> <a href="J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">jägers</a>. The second division, led by Tryon, consisted of the Hessian Landgrave Regiment, the <a href="Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welch Fusiliers</a>, and the <a href="King's_American_Regiment" title="King's American Regiment">King's American Regiment</a>, the latter being a provincial regiment of <a href="Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a><sup id="cite_ref-N169_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N169-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised by <a href="Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> graduate <a href="Edmund_Fanning_(colonial_administrator)" title="Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)">Edmund Fanning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Haven">New Haven</h2></div>

<p>The fleet sailed from New York on July 3, and reached <a href="New_Haven%2C_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:41.309999999999995,-72.92361111111111"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°18′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°55′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.31000°N 72.92361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.31000; -72.92361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tryon's raid (New Haven)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>) two days later. Immediately disembarking, Garth's division rapidly gained control of <a href="New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, and went to work. Although Tryon had given orders that included burning the town, Garth did not do this; he limited his activities to destroying public stores, and seizing or destroying the town's <a href="Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">armaments</a> and ships in the harbor. Tryon's division landed in <a href="East_Haven%2C_Connecticut" title="East Haven, Connecticut">East Haven, Connecticut</a>, where it met spirited resistance from a band of local militia, but managed to take <a href="Black_Rock_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rock Fort">Black Rock Fort</a>. In addition to destroying barns filled with grain, Tryon had local <a href="Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor houses</a> put to the torch.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the British withdrew, over 1,000 militia had mustered from the surrounding towns.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fairfield">Fairfield</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Burning_of_Fairfield_(1779)" title="Burning of Fairfield (1779)">Burning of Fairfield (1779)</a></div>

<p>The expedition reembarked on the fleet on the afternoon of July 6, after spending the night in armed camps. It sailed for <a href="Fairfield%2C_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield, Connecticut</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:41.17583333333333,-73.27194444444444"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°10′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°16′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.17583°N 73.27194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.17583; -73.27194</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tryon's raid (Fairfield)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), arriving two days later. There the inhabitants fled upon the fleet's arrival. Tryon's force, facing little or no opposition, went on a destructive rampage. In addition to destroying 54 barns and 47 storehouses, they burned 83 homes, two churches, and municipal buildings including a schoolhouse, the courthouse, and the local jail.<sup id="cite_ref-N170_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After another night ashore, the expedition sailed across <a href="Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>, where it spent two days resting and resupplying in <a href="Huntington%2C_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwalk">Norwalk</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_Norwalk%2C_Connecticut#Revolutionary_War" title="History of Norwalk, Connecticut">History of Norwalk, Connecticut § Revolutionary War</a></div>

<p>The fleet arrived at <a href="Norwalk%2C_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:41.09388888888889,-73.41972222222223"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°05′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°25′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.09389°N 73.41972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.09389; -73.41972</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tryon's raid (Norwalk)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), late on July 11. The troops did not finish landing until 3:00 am on the 12th, so they rested until daybreak. The two divisions, which had landed on opposite sides of the harbor, were weakly opposed by about 50 local militia, who were easily dispersed. The British forces began their attack of the village, and ultimately destroyed most of its residences and commercial infrastructure. The fleet returned to Huntington, where Tryon received orders to return to New York on July 14.<sup id="cite_ref-N170_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

<p>Tryon reported losses of 26 killed, 90 wounded, and 32 missing.<sup id="cite_ref-N170_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Charles Hervey Townshend compiled a list of 23 Americans killed, 15 wounded, and 12 captured in the New Haven raid;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a contemporary news account reported 27 killed and 19 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>General Clinton's plan was an utter failure. General Washington, on hearing of the invasion, immediately ordered the entire Connecticut division, stationed near <a href="West_Point%2C_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, to move with all possible speed to counter the invasion. But they arrived after Tryon had sailed, and missed the opportunity to defend their own state.<sup id="cite_ref-RCM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington however, may have benefited from Clinton's weakening of the garrison at Stony Point in order to provide men for Tryon's expedition. On the night of July 15–16, a picked force under the command of General <a href="Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> successfully <a href="Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">captured the outpost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-N171_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Clinton reoccupied Stony Point, the failure of the 1779 raids to accomplish anything of substance led him to abandon it later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tryon was pilloried by both Patriots and Loyalists for the raid. Washington accused him of making war against women and children, and <a href="Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a> called the raids acts of "barbarity" and "almost beyond description".<sup id="cite_ref-N171_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="John_Pownall" title="John Pownall">John Pownall</a>, a colonial administrator in London, wondered "what could have induced our friend Tryon to countenance [...] the wanton severities".<sup id="cite_ref-N171_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Clinton insisted on a written report justifying the burnings,<sup id="cite_ref-N171_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and complained of the raiding he had been reduced to ordering, "I have been a <i>buccaneer</i> already too long; I detest that sort of war."<sup id="cite_ref-P17_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The last raid by the British against the Connecticut coast was conducted by its native son, <a href="Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, in 1781, when he <a href="Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">attacked</a> the port of <a href="New_London%2C_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London</a>. A former officer in the Continental Army, he had fled to the British after his plot to turn over <a href="West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> to them in 1780 was discovered. He fought with them in the last year of the war, moving to London in 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="American_Revolutionary_War#Stalemate_in_the_North" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War § Stalemate in the North</a>. Places Tryon's Raid in overall sequence and strategic context.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">

<li id="cite_note-N169-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N169_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N169_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N169_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 169</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-P16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P16_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P16_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, p. 16</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 7</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 23</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-N170-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N170_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N170_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N170_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 170</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 37</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 22</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townshend, p. 27</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1889" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, A.M. (1889). <i>Record of Connecticut Men in the Military and Naval Service during the War of the Revolution</i>. Hartford, CT. p. 132.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-P17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P17_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P17_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, p. 17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-N171-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N171_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N171_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N171_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N171_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 171</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pancake, p. 19</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mather, p. 234</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/2/">Leonard, Harmon C. "The British Invasion of New Haven" Bulletin Number 17  (Spring, 1968) The American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletins Website [PDF File</a> {Copyrighted-reference only}</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMather1913" class="citation book cs1">Mather, Frederick Gregory (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/refugeesof1776fr00mathuoft"><i>The refugees of 1776 from Long Island to Connecticut</i></a>. J. B. Lyon Company, printers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/refugeesof1776fr00mathuoft/page/234">234</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780806304953</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNelson1990" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Paul David (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamtryoncour0000unse"><i>William Tryon and the course of empire: a life in British imperial service</i></a></span>. UNC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8078-1917-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPancake1985" class="citation book cs1">Pancake, John (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisdestructivew00panc"><i>This Destructive War</i></a></span>. University, AL: University of Alabama Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8173-0191-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTownshend1879" class="citation book cs1">Townshend, Charles Hervey (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishinvasion00towngoog"><i>The British invasion of New Haven, Connecticut</i></a>. New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse, and Taylor. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishinvasion00towngoog/page/n48">35</a>. <q>Tryon 1779 new haven.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMalia1999" class="citation book cs1">Malia, Peter (1999). <i>Visible Saints: The Colonial History of West Haven, 1648 - 1798</i>. Monroe, CT, AL: The Connecticut Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780982546819</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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